Abdeljabbar choukri Psychologist

Abdeljabbar choukri Psychologist

PART 2 BY Abdeljabbar choukri Psychologist , sociologist , poet and novelist ( Morocco )

I will choose three philosophers to answer this problematic: 1 – Maurice Merleau-Ponty 2 – jean Paul Sartre 3 –Edmond Husserl 1 – Maurice Merleau- Ponty was a French phenomenological philosopher, Best known for his original and influential work on embodiment, perception, and ontology The constitution of meaning in human experience was his main interest and he wrote on perception At the core of Merleau-Ponty's philosophy is a sustained argument for the foundational role perception plays in understanding the other human and the world . 3 Merleau-Ponty emphasized the body as the primary site of knowing the world, a corrective to the long philosophical tradition of placing consciousness as the source of knowledge. and maintained that the body and that which it perceived could not be disentangled from each other. The articulation of the primacy of embodiment led him away from phenomenology towards what he was to call “indirect ontology”. Merleau -Ponty believes that a person perceives the existence of other in two forms of existence. -The first existence of the oder is the being in itself. Being in itself means the external physical properties of other and here is the body. The other is manifested to a person as a body . The other man is presented as a body. - the second existence of the other is being for itself , it means that the other appears here as a consciousness he thinks, chooses, and behaves freely and willingly, this being for itself is an intangible, and moral existence. 2 – jean Paul Sartre upon the construction of a philosophy of existence known as existentialism. Sartre's early works by a development of classic phenomenology. He established a conception of the self and of the other . whose purpose is to understand human existence rather than the world as such. Adopting and adapting the methods of phenomenology, Sartre sets out to develop an ontological account of what it is to be human. 4 Sartre’s ontology is explained in his philosophy. he defines two types of reality which lie beyond our conscious experience: the being of the other . The object of consciousness is the other being. in this case the person, according to Sartre, perceives the other in two forms of existence : -The first existence is a negative existence . It mean, when a person is alone, he exercises his absolute freedom in his speech and his movements, but when the other appears in front of the person, he deprives him of this freedom, so the person cannot utters anything words or act with anything behavior. This perception of the other here is a negative awareness because a person loses his human being as a free person - the second existence of the other according to Sartre is called a positive being of the other . it means that when a person watches himself so he prevents himself from making mistakes and at the same time he aware himself and his being by comparing himself with the other. 3 - Edmond Husserl He was a German philosopher who established the school of phenomenology . Phenomenology is the philosophical study of the structures of experience and consciousness In this context, Husserl said that the experience of being in front of a person constitutes a dual existence , that combines awareness and experience , , It means that other appears infront of the person . 5 As a consciousness and as a personal experience in front of the person. that he wants to say is that a person perceives others in two forms of existence: -The first existence is self- beieng . -The second existence is objective - being. - The first existence as a self- beieng . It means that other appears in front of the person as a consciences . that the Other thinks, chooses and acts only through his own consciousness. Something within one's mind is 'introspectively conscious' just in case one introspects it (or is poised to do so). Introspection is often thought to deliver one's primary knowledge of one's mental life. - The second existence is a objective-being in front of the person . It means that other carries in his consciousness the existence of an objective external world, and precisely carries in his consciousness his experiences in this objective external world. The other through those experiences thinks, chooses, and acts, so he does all those from his